The Steady Drip: The Institute of Economic Affairs is the UK’s original free market think tank, founded in 1955. (Connecting the Dots: Steve Hilton, Xavier Becerra, California’s Future & The Carnegie/Soros Network)

The Institute of Economic Affairs is the UK’s original free market think tank, founded in 1955. (Connecting the Dots: Steve Hilton, Xavier Becerra, California’s Future & The Carnegie/Soros Network)

https://iea.org.uk/about-us

About Us

The Institute of Economic Affairs is the UK’s original free market think tank, founded in 1955.
Our mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems.
Established in 1955 by Sir Antony Fisher, the Institute of Economic Affairs has a long and proud history of leading economic and public policy research that has improved our understanding of how markets and liberty enable prosperity.
We publish leading independent research and analysis on a wide range of economic and public policy issues. We host events and debates, work with academics and students, and communicate our ideas widely to improve public understanding of the value of free markets and a free society.

Free markets and a free society
Markets allow for the free and efficient exchange of products. They are the cornerstone of a free and prosperous society, empowering individuals to make decisions tailored to their needs and preferences and to assume responsibility for their lives. Free markets also incentivise entrepreneurs to innovate, creating the vast societal wealth crucial for our collective prosperity and solving humanity’s problems.
The key to resolving Britain’s economic challenges is dismantling obstacles to well-functioning markets. This includes encouraging innovation and growth, boosting competition, reforming an overly burdensome and poorly structured tax system, reducing the red tape that stifles businesses, discouraging corporate rent-seeking, and improving the delivery of public services. It also means developing a culture that respects key institutions such as property rights, the rule of law, and entrepreneurship.
The IEA holds no corporate position. The views in each of our publications, articles, blogs or podcasts are those of the author or speaker alone, not those of the Institute, its managing trustees, Academic Advisory Council members or senior staff. Our contributors share a broad school of thought but often disagree about the best approach to solving economic and social challenges from a free market perspective.

Academically rigorous
The Institute conducts robust evidence-based research on public policy issues and reaches conclusions based on rigorous analysis. The Institute’s distinguished international Academic Advisory Council and an eminent panel of Honorary Fellows support the peer review of IEA publications, which is equivalent to a stringent independent refereeing process by leading academic journals. Publications are distributed globally, frequently reprinted by other organisations, and translated into over twenty-five languages, from Armenian and Serbo-Croat-Bosnian to Swahili and Farsi.

Proudly independent
The Institute of Economic Affairs is entirely independent of any political party or group. We are wholly funded by voluntary donations from individuals, foundations, and companies who support our mission. The IEA does no contract work, accepts no money from government, and retains full editorial control over all of its output. Our research is freely available from this website for any individual or organisation to use and adopt.

Educational Charity
The Institute of Economic Affairs is an educational charity (No CC 235 351) and independent research institute limited by guarantee.
Antony Fisher
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Fisher

Sir Antony George Anson Fisher AFC (28 June 1915 – 8 July 1988) was a British businessman and think tank founder. He participated in the formation of various neoliberal organisations during the second half of the 20th century, including the Institute of Economic Affairs and Atlas Network.

Personal life

Fisher was married twice.[4] He had four children with his first wife, including Linda Whetstone, who was involved with many of Fisher's think tanks. His granddaughter, Rachel Whetstone, serves as senior vice-president of communications and public policy for Uber. Fisher's second wife, Dorian Fisher, was George N. Crocker's widow.

Islamic Foundations of a Free Society

Dr Nouh El Harmouzi & Linda Whetstone (eds.) 19 October 2016

Research | Society and Culture

https://iea.org.uk/publications/islamic-foundations-of-a-free-society/

The IEA’s Islamic Foundations of a Free Society, written by a range of Islamic scholars, sheds a great deal of light on questions about Islam’s compatibility with a free society and a free economy.

This book aims to inform those in the West who view Islam with fear and suspicion, while encouraging Muslims to remember and learn from their history of rich and pluralistic Islamic civilisations.

Muslim majority lands were once the most advanced regions on earth in the areas of tolerance, freedom, science and medicine. Today they are shown as laggards in most international indices covering economic freedom, human development and human rights. The economic failure of Muslim countries is not caused by incompatibility between the tenets of Islam and the principles of a free economy, but the deviations from the liberal tradition of early Islam.

Islam not only wants freedom of the individual from theocracy, but also from control by the state. Islam emphasises the role and responsibility of the individual; freedom of faith is fundamental principle.

Introduction

Understanding and applying Sharia law is at the heart of a very important debate in the Islamic world, with conservative Muslims and jurists on one side and reformists on the other.

Conservative jurists tend to view Sharia laws as a fixed set of divine rules that transcend time and space. And despite the fact that they are in favour of upholding Sharia law, they generally oppose the use of violence in the pursuit of this goal while jihadi factions are in favour of using force and violence to establish a Caliphate with rigorous application of Sharia.

Reformists on the other hand consider rules to be bound to their time and place and, as such, permanent ordinances and eternal rules are not conceivable. Reformists also believe that Sharia as we know it is not divine.

While most reformists think that laws cannot be permanent, they assert that values and moral norms can and, as such, call for an understanding of Sharia from a virtue perspective rather than a legal one.

Averroes, the twelfth-century Andalusian jurist and philosopher, is one of the early Islamic figures who aimed to reform the dominant religious understanding of his time. Averroes is a crucial figure in understanding the intellectual battle fought by conservatives and reformists in the Muslim world.

Averroes favoured reason favoured reason and philosophy. According to Averroes, truths must be approached by means of rational analysis. Furthermore, Averroes believed that the Quran contained the highest truth while affirming that its words should not be taken literally.

Different times and different challenges have given birth to a new generation of Islamic reformists in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries who have been able to use modern social science frameworks to analyse and challenge religious dogmas.

Echoing the work of reformists, civil society actors in the Muslim world have also engaged in serious efforts to move from theoretical frameworks of reform to more practical social and economic changes.

In addition to purely theological reforms and social changes, promoting economic freedom in Muslim-majority countries is key to encouraging development and improving the lives of hundreds of millions of people.

Despite the fact that Islam is rather in favour of entrepreneurial activities, Muslim-majority countries do not generally rank high in international indices of economic freedom and competitiveness.

Large, intrusive governments, interventionism, rigid legal frameworks and high taxes have had a negative impact on the economic performance of a number of Muslim countries.

Conservative interpretations of Islam and a large centralised state apparatus have adversely affected the way in which Muslims understand economic freedom. But this should not overshadow the work of early Muslim thinkers.

Promoting a liberal understanding of Islam does not mean ignoring a rich Islamic tradition of philosophy, thinking and jurisprudence. The spirt of the intellectual Islamic tradition can be celebrated while opening up the field for new ideas.

In a letter addressed to the monks of St. Catherine’s Monastery in Mt. Sinai, the Prophet Muhammad granted a Charter of Privileges, including clauses covering aspects of human rights, protection of Christians, freedom of worship and movement, freedom to appoint their own judges and freedom to own and maintain their property and the right to protection in war.

It is indeed, such a spirit that needs to be revived and granted permission to flourish in the light of the modern concepts of universal human rights and democracy that are prevalent in many modern states.

The problem of the economy in the Middle East is not the incompatibility between the tenets of Islam and the principles of a free economy, but the deviation from the liberal tradition of early Islam. The incoming leadership of the Arab world has been left with the unenviable task of first building the foundation necessary for vibrant, modern and competitive economies. Such revived economies should then rediscover the tradition of free trade throughout the whole Muslim world and beyond.

Linda Whetstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Whetstone

Biography

Whetstone was born in Binfield, Berkshire on 17 November 1942. Her father was Antony Fisher, founder of the Institute of Economic Affairs. She gained a degree by correspondence in Economics from the University of London.^[1]

She was the first chairwoman of the British Equestrian Federation council, and was chairwoman of British Dressage from 2018. Other positions she held included Chairman of Atlas Network from 2016, President of the Mont Pelerin Society in 2020, Chairman of the Board of Free Social Networks from 2000, and Chairman of the International Policy Network. She was also on the boards of the Institute of Economic Affairs and the Islam and Liberty Network.

Linda Whetstone was a respected member of the Libertarian community, and following her death, several organizations dedicated projects to honor her legacy. For instance, the Georgian libertarian organization, Franklin Club, established the Linda Whetstone Tbilisi Policy Network, a policy initiative that seeks to bring together students and professionals in the pursuit of policy changes that promote greater freedom.^[3]

With Nouh El Harmouzi she co-edited the book "Islamic Foundations of a Free Society", which was published in Dari, Indonesian, Arabic, French and Persian. She also produced a CD containing works by libertarian thinkers, over 150,000 copies of which were distributed in more than 60 countries.^[1]

She was married to Francis Whetstone, a Lloyd's underwriter, and they had three children, including public relations executive Rachel Whetstone. Linda Whetstone died suddenly whilst attending a Liberty Forum in Miami, Florida, on 15 December 2021, at the age of 79.

Books

El Harmouzi, Nouh; Whetstone, Linda, eds. (2016). Islamic foundations of a free society. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.

Rachel Whetstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Whetstone

Rachel Marjorie Joan Whetstone (born 22 February 1968)[1][2] is a British public relations executive. Whetstone was in charge of communications and public policy at Google for nearly a decade, and served as senior vice president of communications and public policy for Uber until April 2017. She then joined Facebook as vice president of communications of its WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger products.[3] In August 2018, Whetstone became the chief communications officer (CCO) of Netflix.[4] As of March 2025, she oversees communications at the AI startup Sierra.[5]

Whetstone has led communications at four of the fastest growing technology companies in history.[6] In 2013, Whetstone was named one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.[7] She has been featured on PRWeek's Power List several times, most recently in 2016 at number 14.

Steve Hilton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hilton

Stephen Glenn Charles Hilton (born 25 August 1969)[2][3] is a British-born[b] American conservative political commentator, former political adviser, and contributor for the Fox News Channel.[4] He served as director of strategy for British prime minister David Cameron from 2010 to 2012.[5] Hilton hosted The Next Revolution, a weekly current affairs show for Fox News from 2017 to 2023.[6] He is a proponent of what he calls "positive populism" and is a strong supporter of US president Donald Trump.[7] He was a co-founder of the crowd-funding platform Crowdpac,[8] but resigned as CEO in 2018. He is the Republican Party's candidate for Governor of California in the 2026 gubernatorial election, in which he will face the Democratic Party's candidate, Xavier Becerra.

Connecting the Dots:

Antony Fisher was the founder of the Institute of Economic Affairs, Linda Whetstone’s father and Rachel Whetstone’s grandfather.

Linda Whetstone is Antony Fisher’s daughter, Rachel Whetstone’s mother, Steve Hilton Mother-in-law, co-edited the book "Islamic Foundations of a Free Society" and was also on the boards of the Institute of Economic Affairs and the Islam and Liberty Network.

Rachel Whetstone is Antony Fisher’s granddaughter, Linda Whetstone’s daughter, married to Steve Hilton (California Candidate for Governor), was in charge of communications and public policy at Google, joined Facebook as vice president of communications of its WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger products, became the chief communications officer (CCO) of Netflix and was named one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio.

Steve Hilton is married to Rachel Whetstone, Linda Whetstone’s son-in-law, the California Candidate for Governor, served as director of strategy for British prime minister David Cameron and graduated from the University of Oxford.

David Cameron’s director of strategy was Steve Hilton, was the prime minister for the United Kingdom (U.K), the leader for the Conservative Party (UK) and his security adviser was William J. Bratton.

James A. Messina is an adviser for the Conservative Party (UK) and was the deputy White House chief of staff for the Barack Obama administration.

David Plouffe was a senior adviser to the president for the Barack Obama administration, and a partner at AKP&D Message and Media.

Michael C. Donilon is a counselor to the VP for the Barack Obama administration, and a partner at AKP&D Message and Media.

British Labor Party is an AKP&D Message and Media client.

Ed Miliband is the leader of the British Labor Party, a member of the British Parliament, David Miliband’s brother, and was an energy secretary for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

David Miliband is Ed Miliband’s brother, a distinguished senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, the president & CEO for the International Rescue Committee and was the foreign secretary; secretary of state for the enironment; minister for schools for the United Kingdom (U.K.).
Carol M. Browner is a director, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and was the energy czar for the Barack Obama administration.

Tom Daschle is a director at the Center for American Progress and was the nominee for health and human services secretary for the Barack Obama administration.

Ezekiel Emanuel is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and was the health care policy adviser for the Barack Obama administration.

Lawrence H. Summers is a distinguished fellow at the Center for American Progress and was the National Economic Council chairman for the Barack Obama administration.

Cassandra Q. Butts was the SVP for the Center for American Progress and the deputy White House counsel for the Barack Obama administration.

Philip J. Crowley was the director of homeland security at the Center for American Progress and the assistant secretary of state for the Barack Obama administration.

Derek Douglas was an associate director of economic policy at the Center for American Progress and a special assistant for urban affairs for the Barack Obama administration.

Bradley J. Kiley was a VP for the Center for American Progress and the director of management and administration for the Barack Obama administration.

Karen Kornbluh was a visiting scholar at the Center for American Progress and a policy director for Barack Obama.

Jeanne Lambrew was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the deputy assistant to the president for health policy for the Barack Obama administration.

Denis McDonough was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the chief of staff; former deputy national security adviser for the Barack Obama administration.

Esther M. Olavarria was the director of immigration policy at the Center for American Progress and the deputy assistant secretary at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for the Barack Obama administration.

Dan Restrepo was the Americas Project director at the Center for American Progress and a special assistant to the president for the Barack Obama administration.

Gene B. Sperling was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the assistant to the president for economic policy for the Barack Obama administration.

Todd Stern was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the special envoy for climate change at the U.S. Department of State for the Barack Obama administration.

Melody C. Barnes was the EVP for the Center for American Progress, the domestic policy council, director for the Barack Obama administration and Barack Obama’s golf partner.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for American Progress and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Ted Lieu was honored with the Carnegie Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award, has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.

Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah Valley University (Location of the Charlie Kirk Shooting).

Andrew Carnegie was the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for American Progress and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Andrew Carnegie was the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Center for American Progress.

George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open Society Foundations, was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society and a supporter for the Center for American Progress.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center for American Progress and the International Rescue Committee.

International Rescue Committee is a partner with the ONE Campaign.

Debt AIDS Trade Africa is a merged organization with the ONE Campaign.

Morton H. Halperin is a senior adviser for the Open Society Foundations, a director at the ONE Campaign, was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, a director at the Debt AIDS Trade Africa, served with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank), was

Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Center for American Progress.

George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open Society Foundations, Jonathan Soros’s father, was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society and a supporter for the Center for American Progress.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center for American Progress and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).

Google Inc. was a funder for the Center for American Progress.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for American Progress the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank), the New America Foundation, the Aspen Institute (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was a funder for the New America Foundation.

James Fallows is a director at the New America Foundation and was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Steve Hilton graduated from the University of Oxford and is the California Candidate for Governor.

Atul A. Gawande was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar and is a director at the New America Foundation.

Jonathan Soros is a director at the New America Foundation, George Soros’s son and was the vice chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the New America Foundation and the Aspen Institute (think tank).

Eric E. Schmidt was a funder for the New America Foundation, the CEO for Google and is the chairman of the New America Foundation.

Alan B. Davidson was a senior policy counsel for Google Inc. and is a fellow at the New America Foundation.

Google Inc. was a funder for the New America Foundation.

L. John Doerr is a director at Google Inc. and a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank).

Google Inc. was a funder for the Aspen Institute (think tank).

Ted Sarandos is a fellow at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and the chief content officer for Netflix Inc.

Rachel Whetstone was in charge of communications and public policy at Google, became the chief communications officer (CCO) of Netflix, joined Facebook as vice president of communications of its WhatsApp, Instagram, and Messenger products and is married to Steve Hilton.

Mark Zuckerberg is a co-founder & chairman & CEO for Facebook and a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition.

Chris Hughes is a co-founder of Facebook and was a member of the Democracy Alliance.

George Soros is a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, was a member of the Democracy Alliance and the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Aspen Institute (think tank).

James M. Manyika is a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and was a research fellow at Oxford University.

Giulio Tremonti is a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and a fellow at Oxford University.

John Brademas was a lifetime trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Steve Hilton graduated from the University of Oxford, is the California Candidate for Governor and married to Rachel Whetstone.

Rachel Whetstone is married to Steve Hilton and was named one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio.

Margaret Jay was a producer & presenter for the BBC and is a member of the House of Lords.

House of Lords is a house in the British Parliament.

BBC is the governing body for the BBC Trust.

Christopher Patten is the chairman for the BBC Trust, was a member of the House of Lords and a co-chair for the International Crisis Group.

George Soros is a board member for the International Crisis Group and was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings Institution (think tank).

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Brookings Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Lee H. Hamilton is an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank) and a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council.

William J. Bratton is a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council, a security adviser for David Cameron and the Los Angeles (CA) Police Department chief.

David Cameron’s security adviser was William J. Bratton, the leader for the Conservative Party (UK) and the prime minister for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

Michael G. Cherkasky was the court-appointed monitor for the Los Angeles (CA) Police Department and is a U.S. monitor in money-laundering agreement for HSBC Holdings plc.

HSBC Holdings plc was a funder for the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation.

Google Inc. was a funder for the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation.

Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation, the Atlantic Council of the United States (think tank) and the Human Rights Watch.

George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open Society Foundations, was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society, and a benefactor for the Human Rights Watch.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Human Rights Watch.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Atlantic Council of the United States (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

John J. Studzinski is a director at the Atlantic Council of the United States (think tank), a director at the Human Rights Watch and was a co-head of investment banking for HSBC Holdings plc.

Jonathan Evans is a director at HSBC Holdings plc. and was a director general for the United Kingdom Security Service.

John R.H. Bond was the chairman for HSBC Holdings plc and a director at the Bank of England.

Rachel Lomax is a director at HSBC Holdings plc. and was the deputy governor for the Bank of England.

Janice R. Lomax was a director at HSBC Holdings plc. and the deputy governor for the Bank of England.

Rona A. Fairhead is a director at the HSBC Holdings plc. and the chair for the BBC Trust.

Bank of England is the central bank for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

Queen Elizabeth II was the queen for the United Kingdom (U.K.) and a patron for the Chatham House.

Royal Institute of International Affairs is the former name of the Chatham House.

Carnegie Corporation of New York is a partner with the Chatham House.

Open Society Foundations is a partner with the Chatham House.

George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open Society Foundations.

John Major is a co-president for the Chatham House, was his private secretary & foreign affairs adviser was Charles D. Powell, the prime minister for the United Kingdom (U.K.) and the chairman of Carlisle Europe for the Carlyle Group.

Jerome H. Powell (Jay) was a partner at the Carlyle Group and the Chairman for the Federal Reserve.

Edward J. Mathias is a managing director at the Carlyle Group and a director at the Economic Club of Washington.

David M. Rubenstein is a co-founder & co-CEO for the Carlyle Group, the president of the Economic Club of Washington, co-chairman for the Brookings Institution (think tank) and Joe Biden spent Thanksgiving with him.

Vernon E. Jordan Jr. was the president of the Economic Club of Washington, is an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank), a senior counsel for Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP and Valerie B. Jarrett’s great uncle.

Susan Molinari is a director at the Economic Club of Washington and a VP for Google Inc.

Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP was the lobby firm for Google Inc.

Sheryl K. Sandberg was a VP for Google Inc. and a trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings Institution (think tank) and the Aspen Institute (think tank).

George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Charles D. Powell is a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank), a member of the House of Lords, Margaret Thatcher’s private secretary & foreign affairs adviser and John Major’s private secretary & foreign affairs adviser.

Margaret Thatcher’s private secretary & foreign affairs adviser was Charles D. Powell, a member of the House of Commons and the prime minister for the United Kingdom (U.K).

House of Commons is a house in the British Parliament.

Ed Miliband is a member of the British Parliament, the leader of the British Labor Party, David Miliband’s brother, and was the energy secretary for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

British Labor Party is an AKP&D Message and Media client.

David Axelrod is an adviser for the British Labor Party, the founder of the AKP&D Message and Media, Rahm I. Emanuel’s adviser and was Richard M. Daley’s political adviser.

Rahm I. Emanuel’s adviser is David Axelrod, a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, the Chicago (IL) mayor and was the White House chief of staff for the Barack Obama administration.

Richard M. Daley was the Chicago (IL) mayor, Valerie B. Jarrett was his deputy chief of staff, Michelle Obama was his staffer, is William M. Daley’s brother, a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, and William C. Ayers is his adviser.

Valerie B. Jarrett is a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, a friend of Michelle Obama, was Mayor Richard M. Daley’s deputy chief of staff and the senior adviser for the Barack Obama administration.

R. Eden Martin is the president of the Commercial Club of Chicago and counsel at Sidley Austin LLP.

Barack Obama was an intern at Sidley Austin LLP.

Michelle Obama was a lawyer at Sidley Austin LLP, mayor Richard M. Daley’s staffer and is a friend of Valerie B. Jarrett.

Newton N. Minow was a senior counsel at Sidley Austin LLP, a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago and an honorary trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Andrew Carnegie was the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the founder of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).

George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open Society Foundations, a friend of Michael Douglas and was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).

Victoria Ransom is a trustee at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank) and was a director of product for Google Inc.

Richard N. Haass was a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank), and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Steve Hilton graduated from the University of Oxford, is the California Candidate for Governor and married to Rachel Whetstone.

Richard G. Lugar was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar and is a director at the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank).

Michael Douglas is a director at the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank), and a friend of George Soros.

Warren E. Buffett is an adviser for the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank).

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank) was a funder for the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank).

Paul S. Otellini is a director at the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank) and

a director at Google Inc.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank) the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

David A. Hamburg is an adviser for the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank) and the president emeritus for the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Stephen A. Oxman is a trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of New York and was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Kurt L. Schmoke is a trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of New York and was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank) the Nuclear Threat Initiative (think tank), the Brookings Institution (think tank), and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank) and the Brookings Institution (think tank).

George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Richard N. Haass was a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank), a VP for the Brookings Institution (think tank) and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was a funder for the Brookings Institution (think tank).

Mark Suzman is the president global policy for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Strobe Talbott is the president of the Brookings Institution (think tank), was William J. Clinton’s roommate at Oxford, and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Michael S. Barr is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution (think tank), was a special adviser to the president for the William J. Clinton administration and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

E.J. Dionne is a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution (think tank) and was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Jane Nelson was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution (think tank) and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Susan E. Rice was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution (think tank), an Oxford University Rhodes scholar and is the White House national security adviser for the Barack Obama administration.

Lee H. Hamilton is an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank) and a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council.

William J. Bratton is a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council, a security adviser for David Cameron and the Los Angeles (CA) Police Department chief.

David Cameron’s security adviser was William J. Bratton, the leader for the Conservative Party (UK) and the prime minister for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

Steve Hilton served as director of strategy for British prime minister David Cameron, graduated from the University of Oxford, is married to Rachel Whetstone, Linda Whetstone’s son-in-law and the California Candidate for Governor.

Virginia A. Seitz was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar and is a partner at Sidley Austin LLP.

Barack Obama was an intern at Sidley Austin LLP.

Michelle Obama was a lawyer at Sidley Austin LLP.

Newton N. Minow was a senior counsel at Sidley Austin LLP, a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago and an honorary trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Andrew Carnegie was the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

R. Eden Martin is counsel at Sidley Austin LLP and the president of the Commercial Club of Chicago.

Rahm I. Emanuel is a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago, his adviser is David Axelrod and was the White House chief of staff for the Barack Obama administration.

David Axelrod is an adviser for the British Labor Party, the founder of the AKP&D Message and Media, Rahm I. Emanuel’s adviser and was Richard M. Daley’s political adviser.

British Labor Party is an AKP&D Message and Media client.

Ed Miliband is the leader of the British Labor Party, a member of the British Parliament, David Miliband’s brother and was an energy secretary for the United Kingdom (U.K).

David Miliband is Ed Miliband’s brother, a distinguished senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and was the foreign secretary; secretary of state for the enironment; minister for schools for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Center for American Progress.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center for American Progress and the Brookings Institution (think tank).

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for American Progress, the Brookings Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Lee H. Hamilton is an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank) and a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council.

John R. Allen is a fellow at the Brookings Institution (think tank), a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council and was a supreme allied commander Europe nominee for NATO.

United Kingdom (U.K.) is a member of NATO.

Kenneth Canterbury is a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council, and the president of the Fraternal Order of Police.

William J. Bratton is a member of the Homeland Security Advisory Council, the commissioner for the New York City Police Department, a security adviser for David Cameron, was the Boston (MA) police commissioner, the Boston Metropolitan Police superintendent, and the Los Angeles (CA) Police Department chief.

David Cameron’s security adviser is William J. Bratton, the leader for the Conservative Party (UK) and the prime minister for the United Kingdom.

Michael G. Cherkasky was the court-appointed monitor for the Los Angeles (CA) Police Department and is a U.S. monitor in money-laundering agreement for HSBC Holdings plc.

Jonathan Evans is a director at HSBC Holdings plc and was a director general for the United Kingdom Security Service.

Rachel Lomax is a director at HSBC Holdings plc and was the deputy governor for the Bank of England.

Janice R. Lomax was a director at HSBC Holdings plc and the deputy governor for the Bank of England.

John R.H. Bond was the chairman for HSBC Holdings plc and a director at the Bank of England.

Bank of England is the central bank for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

John J. Studzinski was a co-head of investment banking for HSBC Holdings plc, is a director at the Atlantic Council of the United States (think tank) and a director at the Human Rights Watch.

Rona A. Fairhead is a director at the HSBC Holdings plc and the chair for the BBC Trust.

Roger Carr is the vice chairman for the BBC Trust and a director at the Bank of England.

Bank of England is the central bank for the United Kingdom (U.K.).

Christopher Patten was the chairman for the BBC Trust, a co-chair for the International Crisis Group and a member of the House of Lords.

House of Lords is a house in the British Parliament.

Ed Miliband is a member of the British Parliament, the leader of the British Labor Party, David Miliband’s brother and was the energy secretary for the United Kingdom.

British Labor Party is an AKP&D Message and Media client.

David Plouffe was a partner at AKP&D Message and Media and a senior adviser to the president for the Barack Obama administration.

Michael C. Donilon is a partner at AKP&D Message and Media and a counselor to the VP for the Barack Obama administration.

David Axelrod is the founder of AKP&D Message and Media, an adviser for the British Labor Party and was the senior adviser to the president for the Barack Obama administration.

James A. Messina was the deputy White House chief of staff for the Barack Obama administration and is an adviser for the Conservative Party (UK).

David Cameron is the leader for the Conservative Party (UK), the prime minister for the United Kingdom (U.K.) and his security adviser is William J. Bratton.

Steve Hilton served as director of strategy for British prime minister David Cameron, graduated from the University of Oxford, is the California Candidate for Governor, Linda Whetstone’s son-in-law and married to Rachel Whetstone.

Rachel Whetstone is married to Steve Hilton (California Candidate for Governor), Antony Fisher’s granddaughter, Linda Whetstone’s daughter and became the chief communications officer (CCO) of Netflix.

Ted Sarandos is the chief content officer for Netflix Inc. and a fellow at the Aspen Institute (think tank).

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Aspen Institute (think tank).

George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society and is the founder of Soros Fund Management.

Soros Fund Management is a partner with the Silver Lake Kraftwerk Fund.

Silver Lake Kraftwerk Fund is a fund for Silver Lake.

Charles H. Giancarlo is a managing director for Silver Lake and was a director at Netflix Inc.

John S. Chen is a special adviser for Silver Lake and was a trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings Institution (think tank).

George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Vernon E. Jordan Jr. is an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank), Valerie B. Jarrett’s great uncle and a senior counsel for Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP.

Sheryl K. Sandberg was a VP for Google Inc. and a trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).

Susan Molinari is a director at the Economic Club of Washington and a VP for Google Inc.

Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP was the lobby firm for Google Inc.

Rachel Whetstone was in charge of communications and public policy at Google, joined Facebook as vice president of communications of its WhatsApp, Instagram, is married to Steve Hilton (California Candidate for Governor), Antony Fisher’s granddaughter and Linda Whetstone’s daughter.

Mark Zuckerberg is a co-founder & chairman & CEO for Facebook and a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition.

George Soros is a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, was a member of the Democracy Alliance and the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Urban Institute (think tank).

Chris Hughes was a member of the Democracy Alliance and is a co-founder of Facebook.

Erskine B. Bowles is a trustee at the Urban Institute (think tank) and a director at Facebook.

Rachel Whetstone joined Facebook as vice president of communications of its WhatsApp, Instagram, and was named one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio, is married to Steve Hilton (California Candidate for Governor), Antony Fisher’s granddaughter and Linda Whetstone’s daughter.

Margaret Jay was a producer & presenter for the BBC and is a member of the House of Lords.

House of Lords is a house in the British Parliament.

BBC is the governing body for the BBC Trust.

Christopher Patten is the chairman for the BBC Trust, was a member of the House of Lords and a co-chair for the International Crisis Group.

George Soros is a board member for the International Crisis Group.

Javier Solana is a board member for the International Crisis Group, was the secretary general for NATO and a director at the Human Rights Watch.

United Kingdom (U.K.) is a member of NATO.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Human Rights Watch.

George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society, a benefactor at the Human Rights Watch and is the founder & chairman for the Open Society Foundations.

Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Human Rights Watch.

Gara LaMarche was the VP & director of U.S. programs for the Open Society Foundations, an associate director at the Human Rights Watch and a director at the White House Project.

Daisy Khan was a director at the White House Project, a developer for Park51 and is an executive director for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

American Society for Muslim Advancement is a sponsor for the Muslim Leaders of Tomorrow.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

Stephen A. Oxman is a trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of New York and was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Steve Hilton graduated from the University of Oxford, served as director of strategy for British prime minister David Cameron, is married to Rachel Whetstone, Linda Whetstone’s son-in-law and the California Candidate for Governor.

Kurt L. Schmoke was an Oxford University Rhodes scholar and is a trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of New York.

Carnegie Corporation of New York was a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.

American Society for Muslim Advancement is a sponsor for the Muslim Leaders of Tomorrow.

Alwaleed Bin Talal Foundation was a funder for the Muslim Leaders of Tomorrow.

Alwaleed bin Talal is the founder of the Alwaleed Bin Talal Foundation, a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition and the benefactor for the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding.

Mark Zuckerberg is a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition and a co-founder & chairman & CEO for Facebook.

Rachel Whetstone joined Facebook as vice president of communications of its WhatsApp, Instagram and is married to Steve Hilton.

George Soros is a member of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition and was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Aspen Institute (think tank).

Madeleine K. Albright was a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and a professor at Georgetown University.

Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding was a center at Georgetown University.

James M. Manyika is a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and was a research fellow at Oxford University.

Giulio Tremonti is a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and a fellow at Oxford University.

Steve Hilton graduated from the University of Oxford, is the California Candidate for Governor and married to Rachel Whetstone.

John Brademas was a lifetime trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank) and an Oxford University Rhodes scholar.

Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Aspen Institute (think tank).

George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.

Lester Crown was a lifetime trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank), is James S. Crown’s father and a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago.

James S. Crown is a trustee at the Aspen Institute (think tank), a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago and Lester Crown’s son.