Center for American Progress: Legalize Undocumented Immigrants (Connecting the Dots: Mitt Romney, Bain Capital, Immigration, The Brookings Institution, The Center for American Progress, The Barack Obama Administration & The Carnegie/Soros Network)
If
America gave citizenship to its estimated 11 million illegal immigrants, GDP
would expand by an additional $1.4 trillion over 10 years, 2013-2022, according
to a report.
The
Epoch Times
Gary
Feuerberg
3/27/2013|Updated: 10/1/2015 (And here we are 11 years later right on schedule as if it were planned)
Robert G. Lynch, Ph.D. is a Visiting Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress and the chair of the Department of Economics at Washington College. He spoke March 20, 2013, at CAP on the economic impacts of comprehensive immigration reform. Gary Feuerberg/The Epoch Times
WASHINGTON—Discussions
are moving forward on comprehensive immigration reform that would provide legal
status for the estimated 11 million undocumented immigrants living in the
country. Public opinion has moved toward granting some form of legal status for
undocumented immigrants, but concerns persist that granting a pathway to legal
status or to citizenship will lower wages and raise unemployment.
The Center for American Progress (CAP) released a report on March 20, which concluded that these concerns have no basis.
“The Economic Effects of Granting Legal Status and Citizenship to Undocumented Immigrants,” by Robert Lynch, visiting senior fellow at the Center for American Progress (CAP) and Patrick Oakford, research assistant at the center, looked at various scenarios defined by legal status, citizenship, and the timing of each, to predict changes in the U.S. economy, wages, tax revenues, and number of jobs created.
“As our
study demonstrates, legal status and a road map to citizenship for the
unauthorized will bring about significant economic gains in terms of growth,
earnings, tax revenues, and jobs—all of which will not occur in the absence of
immigration reform,” wrote Lynch and Oakford.
The
greatest economic benefit to the undocumented and to the nation as a whole
would come from full citizenship this year, say the authors, who recognize that
no plan is in the works for immediate amnesty for all undocumented immigrants.
More
modest economic gains can be expected if reform means granting legal status
short of full citizenship, in other words, “a permanent sub-citizen class of
residents.” More gains also occur when citizenship becomes possible in 5 or 10
years.
There
are a multitude of reasons why legalization and citizenship improves the
incomes of immigrants.
Having
legal protection increases immigrants’ “bargaining power relative to their
employers, which in turn lowers the likelihood of worker exploitation and
suppressed wages,” the authors say. Citizenship provides greater protection
than legalization; citizens, for example, cannot be deported, which is not true
for legal residents, say the authors.
Legal
workers and naturalized citizen immigrants are more likely to “invest in their
English language skills and other forms of education and training that raise
their productivity.”
Unauthorized
immigrants can be deported at any moment if they are found, and so, regardless
of skills and education, Lynch and Oakford say, “they tend to pursue employment
in low-paying occupations, such as farming, child care, cleaning services,”
where their legal status is less likely to be detected.
Legal
status and citizenship foster entrepreneurship “by providing access to
licenses, permits, insurance, and credit to start businesses and create jobs.”
It’s a fact that immigrants, whether legal or illegal, are more likely to own a
business or start a new business than nonimmigrants.
“Immigration
reform that untethers the creative potential of immigrant entrepreneurs
therefore promotes economic growth, higher incomes, and more job
opportunities,” says the report.
While
overall, Americans would benefit from legalization of the undocumented, David
Madland and Nick Bunker, who are also associated with CAP, say that some
immigrants “may find themselves in more competition with newly legalized
workers, and the research suggest that the wages of the former group may
suffer.”
Earned
Path to Citizenship Favored Now
On
March 21, the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) in partnership with the
Brookings Institution released
a new national survey that included queries on immigration reform. It used one
of the largest sample sizes ever conducted on the issue of immigration, with nearly 4,500 respondents,
which provides a great amount of precision for the estimates.
The
survey found a general consensus in the country that persons residing illegally
in the United States should be allowed at least legal status. A majority
favored citizenship, provided certain conditions are met.
Overall,
63 percent of Americans endorse a path to citizenship for the undocumented. One
in seven (14 percent) would permit them to become permanent legal residents but
not citizens. One in five (21 percent) of Americans believe that the illegal
immigrants should be identified and deported.
Breaking
out the percentages by political party, 71 percent of Democrats were in favor
of a path to citizenship for the undocumented; 64 percent of Independents
agree, and a smaller majority of Republicans (53 percent) “favor an earned path
to citizenship,” says the report. Nearly one-third of Republicans (32 percent)
favor deportation, compared to 13 percent of Democrats and 21 percent of
Independents.
The
survey determined that Americans have mixed feelings about immigrants—legal and
illegal. While a majority (54 percent) say that the newcomers help “strengthen
American society,” a majority are concerned about adverse economic impacts. The
survey report said that 56 percent of Americans believe “that illegal
immigrants hurt the economy by driving down wages for many Americans.” Lynch
and Oakford want to educate the public that these common notions are not borne
out by their analysis.
Immigrant
Scenario Modeling
Lynch
and Oakford’s paper examined several options on the legalization of the
undocumented, including granting a pathway to full citizenship for all 11
million, which is favored by President Obama and the senators known as the Gang
of Eight. Granting permanent legal status short of full citizenship is another
option being considered.
The
length of time an undocumented immigrant would have to wait to acquire either
legal status or citizenship is another factor that legislators have to
determine.
The
third option is to do nothing, or else round up the illegal immigrants and
deport them, or make life so difficult that the undocumented “self-deport,” as
2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney once put it.
Findings
Lynch
and Oakford did econometric regression forecast modeling that looked at various
scenarios. In the scenario of granting immediate citizenship, the U.S. economy,
as measured by gross domestic product (GDP), would expand by an additional $1.4
trillion over 10 years, 2013–2022. The economy would create an additional
203,000 jobs per year. The formerly undocumented immigrants would earn 25
percent more than they do currently within five years.
Considering
another scenario in which the undocumented immigrants are granted only legal
status in 2013 and barred from citizenship in the next 10 years, the GDP would
rise only $832 billion, the economy would add only 121,000 additional jobs per
year, and the income of unauthorized immigrants would be only 15 percent higher
within five years. While these economic gains are appreciably less than the
immediate citizenship scenario, they show that just legalization without
citizenship is better for the economy than doing nothing.
A third
scenario of granting legal status in 2013 and delaying citizenship for five
years would likely fall in the middle of the other two scenarios, according to
the authors.
“These
immigration reform scenarios illustrate that unauthorized immigrants are
currently earning far less than their potential, paying less in taxes, and
contributing significantly less to the U.S. economy than they potentially
could,” say the authors.
Significantly,
Lynch and Oakford’s findings were consistent with the 1996 Department of Labor
study of the nearly 3 million unauthorized immigrants, who were granted legal
status and a pathway to citizenship under the Immigration Reform and Control
Act of 1986. Here was a natural experiment to see how legalization affects
wages. Following legalization, “the average hourly wage of the newly legalized
population increased by 15.1 percent after five years, after legalization,”
noted the authors.
Connecting
the Dots:
Mitt Romney was
the candidate for the 2012 Mitt Romney presidential campaign and
is a co-founder for Bain Capital.
Paul E. Peterson was
a member, Education Policy Advisory Group for the 2012 Mitt Romney
presidential campaign and a director of governmental studies for
the Brookings Institution (think tank).
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank).
George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation to
Promote Open Society.
Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Brookings Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.
Ted Lieu was honored with the Carnegie
Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award,
has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United
States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a
member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie
Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah
Valley University (Charlie Kirk Shooting).
Andrew Carnegie was
the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society
for Muslim Advancement.
Lee H. Hamilton is an
honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank), a
co-chair for the Independent Task Force on Immigration and America's
Future and was a co-chair for the Iraq Study Group.
Vernon E. Jordan
Jr. an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think
tank), a senior counsel for Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP
and was a member of the Iraq Study Group.
Akin,
Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP is the lobby firm for Bain
Capital and was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Jose H. Villarreal is a senior adviser at the Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP and a director at the Center for American Progress.
Open Society Foundations was a funder for
the Center for American Progress.
George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open
Society Foundations, the chairman for the Foundation to Promote
Open Society, and was a supporter for the Center for American
Progress.
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center
for American Progress.
Center
for American Progress Action Fund is a fund, affiliated advocacy group
for the Center for American Progress.
John D. Podesta is
the chairman for the Center for American Progress Action Fund and the
chair & counselor for the Center for American Progress.
Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for American Progress and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.
Ted Lieu was honored with
the Carnegie
Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award,
has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United
States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a
member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie
Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah
Valley University (Charlie Kirk Shooting).
Andrew Carnegie was
the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Carnegie Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for American Progress and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.
Apple Inc. was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
AT&T Inc. was
a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Bank of
America Corp. was a funder for the Center for American
Progress.
BMW of
North America LLC was a funder for the Center for American
Progress.
Citigroup Inc. was
a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Coca-Cola
Company was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Facebook was a
funder for the Center for American Progress.
General
Electric Company was a funder for the Center for American
Progress.
Goldman
Sachs Group Inc. (Bailout Company) was a funder for the Center
for American Progress.
Motion
Picture Association of America was a funder for the Center for
American Progress.
PG&E
Corporation was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Samsung
Electronics Co. was a funder for the Center for American
Progress.
Time Warner Inc. was
a funder for the Center for American Progress.
T-Mobile USA,
Inc. was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Toyota
Motor North America was a funder for the Center for American
Progress.
Visa Inc. was a
funder for the Center for American Progress.
Wal-Mart
Stores Inc. was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Wells Fargo &
Co. was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Carol M. Browner is
a director, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and
was the energy czar for the Barack Obama administration.
Tom Daschle is
a director at the Center for American Progress and was the
nominee for health and human services secretary for the Barack Obama
administration.
Ezekiel Emanuel is
a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and was
the health care policy adviser for the Barack Obama administration.
Lawrence H.
Summers is a distinguished fellow at the Center for American
Progress and was the National Economic Council chairman for the Barack
Obama administration.
Cassandra Q. Butts was
the SVP for the Center for American Progress and the deputy
White House counsel for the Barack Obama administration.
Philip J. Crowley was
the director of homeland security at the Center for American Progress and
the assistant secretary of state for the Barack Obama administration.
Derek Douglas was
an associate director of economic policy at the Center for American
Progress and a special assistant for urban affairs for the Barack
Obama administration.
Bradley J. Kiley was
a VP for the Center for American Progress and the director of
management and administration for the Barack Obama administration.
Karen Kornbluh was
a visiting scholar at the Center for American Progress and a
policy director for Barack Obama.
Jeanne Lambrew was
a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the
deputy assistant to the president for health policy for the Barack
Obama administration.
Denis McDonough was
a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, and the chief
of staff; former deputy national security adviser for the Barack Obama
administration.
Esther M.
Olavarria was the director of immigration policy at the Center
for American Progress and the deputy assistant secretary at the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security for the Barack Obama
administration.
Dan Restrepo was
the Americas Project director at the Center for American Progress and
a special assistant to the president for the Barack Obama
administration.
Gene B. Sperling was
a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the
assistant to the president for economic policy for the Barack Obama
administration.
Todd Stern was
a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and the
special envoy for climate change at the U.S. Department of State for
the Barack Obama administration.
Melody C. Barnes was
the EVP for the Center for American Progress, the domestic policy
council, director for the Barack Obama administration and Barack
Obama’s golf partner.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress and a supporter for the American Society for
Muslim Advancement.
Ted Lieu was honored with the Carnegie
Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award,
has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United
States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a
member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie
Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah
Valley University (Charlie Kirk Shooting).
Andrew Carnegie was
the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress, the Brookings Institution (think tank) and
a supporter for the American Society for Muslim Advancement.
Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Center
for American Progress.
George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open
Society Foundations, was the Chairman for the Foundation to Promote
Open Society and a supporter for the Center for American
Progress.
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center
for American Progress and the Brookings Institution (think
tank).
PepsiCo, Inc. was
a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Kimberly Cheatle served as Senior Director in Global
Security at PepsiCo. and was the 27th director for
the U.S. Secret Service. (President
Trump was shot in Butler under her leadership).
Michael H. Jordan was
the division chairman & CEO for PepsiCo, Inc. and an honorary
trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).
Larry D. Thompson is
the EVP of governmental affairs, general counsel & secretary for PepsiCo,
Inc. and a trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank) and the International Rescue
Committee.
George Soros was the chairman for the Foundation
to Promote Open Society.
Dina Dublon is
an overseer at the International Rescue Committee and a
director at PepsiCo, Inc.
Indra K. Nooyi is
an overseer at the International Rescue Committee and the
chair & CEO for PepsiCo, Inc.
International
Rescue Committee is a partner with the ONE Campaign.
Morton H. Halperin is a director at the ONE
Campaign, was a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress
and served with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think
tank).
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
(think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim
Advancement.
Ted Lieu was honored with the Carnegie
Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award,
has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United
States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie
Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah
Valley University (Charlie Kirk Shooting).
Andrew Carnegie was
the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the founder
of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think
tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim
Advancement.
Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Center
for American Progress and the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
(think tank).
George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open
Society Foundations, was the Chairman for the Foundation to Promote
Open Society and a supporter for the Center for American
Progress.
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center
for American Progress, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
(think tank) and the International Rescue Committee.
Morton H. Halperin was a senior fellow at
the Center for American Progress, served with the Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace (think tank) and is a director at
the ONE Campaign.
Madeleine K.
Albright was a director at the Center for American Progress
and an overseer at the International Rescue Committee.
International
Rescue Committee is a partner with the ONE Campaign.
Michelle Obama was
an advocate for the ONE Campaign and a lawyer at Sidley
Austin LLP.
Barack Obama was
an intern at Sidley Austin LLP.
R. Eden Martin is
counsel at Sidley Austin LLP and the president of the Commercial
Club of Chicago.
Newton N. Minow was a
senior counsel at Sidley Austin LLP, a member of the Commercial
Club of Chicago, an honorary trustee at the Carnegie Corporation of
New York and Nell Minow’s father.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
(think tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim
Advancement.
Ted Lieu was honored with the Carnegie
Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award,
has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United
States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a
member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie
Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah
Valley University (Charlie Kirk Shooting).
Andrew Carnegie was
the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the founder
of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think
tank) and a supporter for the American Society for Muslim
Advancement.
Open Society Foundations was a funder for the Center
for American Progress.
George Soros is the founder & chairman for the Open
Society Foundations, was the Chairman for the Foundation to Promote
Open Society and a supporter for the Center for American
Progress.
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Center
for American Progress, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
(think tank) and the International Rescue Committee.
Morton H. Halperin was a senior fellow at
the Center for American Progress.
Center
for American Progress Action Fund is a fund, affiliated advocacy group
for the Center for American Progress.
John D. Podesta is
the chair & counselor for the Center for American Progress and the
chairman for the Center for American Progress Action Fund.
Christie Hefner is a director at the Center for American Progress Action Fund, married to William A. Marovitz, Hugh Hefner’s daughter, was the chair & CEO for the Playboy Enterprises and a New Trier High School graduate.
William A. Marovitz is married to Christie Hefner and
was an Illinois Senate senator.
Nell Minow was
a New Trier High School graduate and is Newton N.
Minow’s daughter.
Newton N. Minow was Nell
Minow’s father, a member of the Commercial Club of Chicago,
a senior counsel at Sidley Austin LLP and an honorary trustee at
the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Michelle Obama was
a lawyer at Sidley Austin LLP.
Barack Obama was an intern at Sidley Austin LLP.
Andrew Carnegie was the founder of the Carnegie
Corporation of New York.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Center for
American Progress and a supporter for the American Society for
Muslim Advancement.
Jose H.
Villarreal is a director at the Center for American Progress
and a senior adviser at the Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP.
Akin,
Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP was a funder for the Center
for American Progress and is the lobby firm for Bain Capital.
Vernon E. Jordan
Jr. is a senior counsel for Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld,
LLP an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank)
and was a member of the Iraq Study Group.
Lee H. Hamilton was
a co-chair for the Iraq Study Group, a co-chair for the Independent
Task Force on Immigration and America's Future and is an honorary
trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank).
George Soros was the Chairman for the Foundation to
Promote Open Society.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society
for Muslim Advancement.
Ted Lieu was honored with the Carnegie
Corporation of New York's Great Immigrants Award,
has represented California's 36th congressional district in the United
States House of Representatives since 2023 and is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.
Astrid S. Tuminez was a program officer at the Carnegie
Corporation of New York and is the 7th President of the Utah
Valley University (Charlie Kirk Shooting).
Andrew Carnegie was
the founder of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the founder
of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (think tank).
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society
for Muslim Advancement.
Paul E. Peterson was
a director of governmental studies for the Brookings Institution (think
tank) and a member, Education Policy Advisory Group for the 2012
Mitt Romney presidential campaign.
Mitt Romney was
the candidate for the 2012 Mitt Romney presidential campaign and
is a co-founder for Bain Capital.
Akin,
Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP is the lobby firm for Bain
Capital and was a funder for the Center for American Progress.
Jose H.
Villarreal is a director at the Center for American Progress
and a senior adviser at the Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, LLP.
Vernon E. Jordan
Jr. is a senior counsel for Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld,
LLP an honorary trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank)
and was a member of the Iraq Study Group.
Lee H. Hamilton was
a co-chair for the Iraq Study Group, a co-chair for the Independent
Task Force on Immigration and America's Future and is an honorary
trustee at the Brookings Institution (think tank).
Foundation to Promote Open Society was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank).
George Soros was
the Chairman for the Foundation to Promote Open Society.
Carnegie
Corporation of New York was a funder for the Brookings
Institution (think tank) and a supporter for the American Society
for Muslim Advancement.
Resources:
Past Research
Smaller
Bites – Connecting the Dots: Politico, Sen. Mitt Romney, Bain Capital &
Soros Funding, All Networking (Past Research on Mitt
Romney)
Friday,
September 15, 2023
https://thesteadydrip.blogspot.com/2023/09/smaller-bites-connecting-dots-politico.html
Working
Families Party (Connecting the Dots: ACORN, Sidley Austin LLP, Barack Obama,
John R. Bolton, Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Mario M. Cuomo, Andrew M. Cuomo,
Kerry Kennedy, The Iraq Study Group, Human Rights First & Soros Funding,
All Networking) (Past Research on the Iraq Study
Group)
Tuesday,
July 8, 2025
https://thesteadydrip.blogspot.com/2025/07/working-families-party-connecting-dots.html
Who's
running for California governor in 2026? What to know about race (Connecting
the Dots: Tom Steyer & The Carnegie/Soros Network) (Past Research on the Center for American Progress)
Wednesday,
April 15, 2026
https://thesteadydrip.blogspot.com/2026/04/whos-running-for-california-governor-in.html
GE,
Walmart, AT&T, Google Among Center for American Progress Donors (Past Research on the Center for American Progress)
Saturday,
December 14, 2013
https://thesteadydrip.blogspot.com/2013/12/ge-walmart-at-google-among-center-for.html
Pepsi
- Obama Logo Controversey (Connecting the Dots: PepsiCo, Inc., The Center for
American Progress, Barack Obama administration, The Carnegie Corporation of New
York & the Carnegie/Soros Network) (Past
Research on the Center for American Progress, Barack Obama
administration, & the Carnegie Corporation of New York)
Saturday,
March 14, 2026
https://thesteadydrip.blogspot.com/2026/03/pepsi-obama-logo-controversey.html
Dr.
Morton Halperin – J Street Education Fund (Connecting the Dots: J Street,
Morton Halperin, The Open Society Foundations, Newsmax’s Mark Halperin, Rhonda
(Randi) Weingarten, The ONE Campaign, MSNBC, ACLU, The Carnegie & Soros
Funding) (Past Research on the ONE Campaign)
Tuesday,
June 17, 2025
https://thesteadydrip.blogspot.com/2025/06/dr-morton-halperin-j-street-education.html
Sen.
Warren Presses Amazon on Algorithmic Pricing for Schools (Connecting the Dots:
Senator Elizabeth Warren, Ganesh Sitaraman, The Center for American Progress,
Amazon, HUD, The U.S. Federal Trade Commission, The Urban Institute, The U.S.
Department of Education & The Carnegie/Soros Network) (Past Research on the Carnegie Corporation New York)
Thursday,
March 12, 2026